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Promotion is among the four major divisions of marketing. It includes advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity, which all aim to increase sales, create brand equity and corporate image, compete with other products, or introduce a new product.Marketing on the other hand, is a more general concept referring to the process of facilitating a “sale” of goods and services. Other divisions of marketing are product management, pricing and product distribution.Today, as the use of the Internet gets so popular, businessmen are geared towards online marketing, which is essentially the process of achieving marketing objectives via the Internet. It includes Web site advertising as one of the many promotional strategies.For most businesses, Web site advertising is the most efficient promotional method and their easiest gateway to the international market. Compared to conventional ways of advertising, it is proven to be more effective and less costly, especially for small and medium-sized companies.In 2005, analysts say that online advertisement spending in the United States increased by twenty percent. They say that even a burgeoning company can spend more than $10 billion for online advertising at the outset of the business. The rising number of consumers with high-speed Internet connection contributed a lot to this phenomenon.If you are planning to advertise through a Web site, employing the help of professional Web site promotion service providers is one of the wisest things you can do to ensure growth of your business and increase in sales. These service providers are experts in the field of Web site advertising and can dedicatedly plan, execute and monitor progress of promotional strategies for your site.There are actually two basic categories of Web site promotion services: paid and free. It doesn’t follow that paid advertising is more beneficial as any free Web site advertising can be just as effective as paid. What is important is that each is able to generate more traffic to your site.Among the Web site promotion services being offered online, free or paid, are search engine submission, link exchange, email marketing, Web directory submission, search engine optimization, pay-per-click, affiliate marketing, meta tag development and copywriting. Most companies combine all if not many of these services in a package.

There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages.The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.The second stage of educational technology is associated with the ‘electronic revolution’ with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials.The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to ‘communication revolution’ for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era.The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age
Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron; people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming.Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures.Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts.Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations
According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today’s Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official & administrative work.Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script’s pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.Educational technology during Medieval and Modern Period
Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures.The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments.Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessori’s idea of prepared child centered environment.In1833, Charles Babbage’s design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities.In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were regular daily programmes.Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called ‘Drum Tutor’ in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article ‘Science of Learning and art of Teaching’ published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so.Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India.During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America.Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950′s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”.In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in USA.Electronics is the main technology being developed in the beginning of 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied almost all the important offices and educational places and even in common places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile phones.Today’s classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to access a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to enhance their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can utilize vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope up with changing trend of the society. Now a days students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened infinite number of doors of opportunities for today’s learner to make their life happier than ever before.

One of the four divisions of marketing is the promotion. It contains the subjects of advertising development, publicity, promotion of sales, and personal selling, which is the total package that aims to boost the sales, brand equity creation and the corporate of image it depicts as well as product competition or product launching.The definition of marketing, in contrast, is a general notion that refers to the development of facilitating the “sale” of both the products and services. Other divisions that comprise the subject of marketing are the pricing, and product managements and distribution.Website Promotion Services TodayWith the Internet revolution of today and as the popularity of what business online is all about, several businessmen are gearing towards the process of online marketing, which is basically the method of acquiring various marketing aims and objectives by the means of Internet. Together with its numerous promotional strategies, included to that is the method of web site promotion services.In the matter of commerce, web site promotion services is considered as the most proficient promotional process and is the easiest road that points to the direction of international market. In contrast to other standard ways of bringing in the idea of advertising, it is a proven method in bringing the most effective and cost-efficient way, especially for upstart companies and small businesses.In the year 2005, analysts and experts who have been in the online business industry for years, stated that the idea of online advertising that is spent in the United States clearly increased by up to 20%. They also added that even those growing companies that aim for success spend over $10billion for online advertisement at the beginning of their business. This is so since the number of online consumers is growing year by year due to the Internet’s high-speed connection that contributes a lot to the phenomenon.Getting Website Promotion ServicesIf you are thinking of advertising through one of the websites that cater to your company’s ideas and product offers, acquiring the assistance of several well-noted website promotion service professionals is one of the finest choices that you will ever make to ensure the growth and health of your business and boost your sales in no time. These promotion service providers are specialists in the website industry as well as in the field of online marketing and can devotedly plan, apply and supervise the overall promotional strategies that have been designed for your website.When it comes to web site promotion services, there are two basic categories that you should know about: paid and free. It actually doesn’t indicate that paid advertising is more valuable, as any of those free web site advertising providers can be just as efficient and valuable as paid. What is more important is that it is able to provide more valuable traffic that you need for your website to generate the goals and realize them.Web site promotion services that should be helpful in your online business are search engine optimization, pay-per-click, link exchanging, submitting on search engines and web directory, marketing affiliation, META tag development, and the process of copywriting. Most companies, though, combine all of these if not most of these offers in a package.

Starting a small business online can be a great way to go into business for yourself. An online business can be started on a shoestring budget. You can start a small online business and earn a full- or part-time income from home or anywhere in the world. Operating your business exclusively online enables you to complete all transactions, provide customer service, and manage the entire business, all from your computer. There are several steps you can follow when you are starting a small business online. Anyone, from beginner to seasoned online marketer, can benefit tremendously from learning and applying the following steps.Find a need and fill itThe first thing you need to do is to look for a profitable market. Most beginners look for a product first, and then try to find a market. That is a big mistake and will often lead to failure. To increase your chances of success, you need to start with a market. You need to identify a group of people who are desperately searching for a solution to a problem. There are many Internet resources that make it easy to do this kind of market research.Start by visiting online forums to find out what people want. Spend some time on various popular forums, and read the posts. Pay attention to what questions people keep asking and what problems they are trying to solve.Another way to find out what people want to buy is to perform keyword research. There are many online tools that help to do this research. The trick is to find keywords have a huge number of searches but low competing websites.Once you have found out what people are searching for, you can sell a product that provides solution to their problem. So look for a market that already exists, and then cater to their needs.Set Up Your WebsiteYou need a website to sell products or services online. Once you have found your market and product, and you have nailed down your selling process, it’s time to set up a website your business. Some people build their own website by using website creation software or readymade templates. There are also web design services, and these services can help you set up a website that is designed to run a successful business online.Drive Targeted Traffic To Your Small Business Online WebsiteTo make sales, you need to get buyers to your website. Potential customers will not know about your product if they can’t find your website. There are several ways to get your website in front of people who are looking for the product you are selling.Pay-per-click advertising is the quickest and easiest way to drive targeted traffic to a website. When you use this method, you can start generating immediate traffic. You can also use search engine optimization to rank your website high in the organic search results.Other methods of generating website traffic include article writing, banner ads, email marketing, and online classified ads. Video marketing is also a great way to distribute information about your website and product. You can also promote your website by participating in social networking sites and forums where your target audience hangs out.Take ActionThousands of people have started their one successful businesses by following these steps. Many have amassed great fortunes in their own businesses. And there’s no reason why you cannot do the same. Use these steps to start and grow your own small business online.

Wondering where to get a personal loan?You have a variety of places where you can get a personal loan.If you’re looking for a personal loan, there are many places you can go. The key is to take your time and compare your offers, so you can find the best rate with the lowest fees.Where to look for a Bad Credit Loan?Fill out one form and receive up to four Bad Credit Loan offers. You can then compare rates and fees and decide which one has the best product for you.Credit unions:Usually credit unions offer Payday Loans at interest rates that are a couple of percentage points below other lenders.Banks:Although it is possible to get a Bad Credit Loan from a bank, many prefer for you to get a credit card simply because that creates a long-term relationship between you and the bank.Advantages:A Bad Credit Loan can have certain advantages. If you do not own a home or do not have much in home equity, a Bad Credit Loan may be your best choice. If you get a Bad Credit Loan that has a fixed rate and term, it forces you to be disciplined and pay the loan off within that timeframe, unlike a credit card which tempts you to continue spending. Also, the interest rate on a Bad Credit Loan is usually lower than that of a credit card (although the credit card’s initial teaser rate may be lower).Disadvantages:When considering a personal loan, be sure to weigh the disadvantages. For example, the interest payments are not tax deductible while the interest on a loan secured with property usually is. Also, rates can easily be higher than 10 percent on a personal loan. Mortgage and home equity loan rates are much lower than that. That means you will end up paying far more interest on a Payday Loan than you would on a home equity loan for the same amount.All that being said, sometimes there is no way around needing a personal loan. If you decide to get one, remember that the rate you get will not be as good as it would be with a secured loan. This makes it is especially important to compare as many offers as possible so you get the best rate available to you and also pay as little in fees as possible.A good way of solving your money problems is through applying for Payday Loans. But of course, a Payday Loan would mean that you are obligated to pay for it every month with your own money. So if you aren’t sure that your salary could handle another kind of payment, then maybe you should think hard before you do apply for a Personal loan. Not only will a Payday Loan limit you of your monthly budget, it could also be troublesome especially if you aren’t prepared with the loans interest rates.It is also best if you have a good knowledge regarding the terms and conditions of Payday Loans. Ask friends and relatives about the lending companies and where to get the lowest interest rates. This kind of knowledge could equip you with enough know how when it comes to applying for your own Personal loan. Be sure and do yourself a favor and find out what and what not to do when it comes to Bad Credit Loans. As the name suggest, Payday Loan can be taken out for any of your personal needs. However, make sure that the reason you are going for this loan is a legitimate one and do not indulge in taking out a loan for silly purposes.For US citizens it is very easy to get a Payday Loan sanctioned by banks, and reputed vendors, who in turn charge a very low and affordable interest rate.A good way of solving your money problems is through applying for Unsecured Cash Advances. But of course, a Personal loan would mean that you are obligated to pay for it every month with your own money. So if you aren’t sure that your salary could handle another kind of payment, then maybe you should think hard before you do apply for a Personal loan. Not only will a Personal loan limit you of your monthly budget, it could also be troublesome especially if you aren’t prepared with the loans interest rates. It is also best if you have a good knowledge regarding the terms and conditions of Bad Credit Loans.Ask friends and relatives about the lending companies and where to get the lowest interest rates. This kind of knowledge could equip you with enough know how when it comes to applying for your own Personal loan. Be sure and do yourself a favor and find out what and what not to do when it comes to Unsecured Cash Advances. As the name suggests, Personal loan can be taken out for any of your personal needs. However, make sure that the reason you are going for this loan is a legitimate one and do not indulge in taking out a loan for silly purposes.For US citizens it is very easy to get a Personal loan sanctioned by banks, and reputed vendors, who in turn charge a very low and affordable interest rate.The biggest benefit of applying for a Personal loan on-line is that you will get an instant approval decision.

Buying a new car or a used car need not give you headaches anymore. Getting auto loans has become easy; you can now choose from online auto loan lending networks or get an auto loan from your car dealer. And there are many auto loan options available to choose from.The competition to provide auto loans has boiled down to better, and faster, deals for car loan borrowers. So if you apply for an auto loan today you can probably drive home in your dream machine by the evening!Choosing the correct auto loan requires some homework on your part – you should be willing to do some research. Not that it is difficult; you can easily do it on the Internet.First and foremost, you need to evaluate your credit status. You need to ascertain how much of a car loan you can afford. This is important before deciding on to the car to buy. Auto loans require monthly payments, so it should be an amount that fits into your monthly budget. Many auto loan sites have auto loan calculators which can give an idea as to how much your auto loan is going to cost you each month. Once you have worked this out, you can get ready to apply for your auto loan.Again, the Internet is a great help here. There are thousands of auto loan sites where you can apply for an auto loan online. Completing those forms is usually a breeze: just fill in a few fields and click on the ‘Submit’ button!Generally the online lenders offer interest rates 1-2 per cent lower than that offered by the auto dealers. That money saved can be used to bear the other costs associated with buying your car.Online auto loan forms ask for your basic banking details, your job status, and residence proof. Online applications are processed immediately by lenders in the network near to your place of residence. Approvals usually take less than an hour, and more important, on most sites this is a free service. Better still, an approval does not put any obligations on you about taking a loan from that lender.If you have a clean credit status and a co-signer, then consider your loan semi-approved! The good thing about auto loans is that you can get one even if you have a less than perfect credit history. Most auto loan lenders offer bad credit auto loans. However, some lenders may charge you higher interest rates and a larger down payment because of your bad credit status. Some lenders also restrict the choice of cars models if you have a bad credit status.Once the loan is approved, you will get loan offers from the lenders and you can choose the loan that you want.The main criteria for choosing an auto loan should be the rate of interest and the loan period. The loan period for an auto loan is usually three to five years. You can ask for a longer period on your auto loan, say, seven years. But it is always better to repay the loan within a shorter period; that will put a lower interest burden on you. You must also find out from the lender if they allow faster repayment of auto loans without penalty charges. If they do, you can opt to repay the loans faster a few months later (depending on your income) and save on the loan charges.Auto loans are available for new and used cars. Usually, the loan charges on used car loans are higher than that for new car loans. Research the various auto loan options available and always read the fine print of the loan agreement before you decide on your auto loan.

Summary
SPDN is not the largest or oldest way to short the S&P 500, but it’s a solid choice.
This ETF uses a variety of financial instruments to target a return opposite that of the S&P 500 Index.
SPDN’s 0.49% Expense Ratio is nearly half that of the larger, longer-tenured -1x Inverse S&P 500 ETF.
Details aside, the potential continuation of the equity bear market makes single-inverse ETFs an investment segment investor should be familiar with.
We rate SPDN a Strong Buy because we believe the risks of a continued bear market greatly outweigh the possibility of a quick return to a bull market.
Put a gear stick into R position, (Reverse).
Birdlkportfolio

By Rob Isbitts

Summary
The S&P 500 is in a bear market, and we don’t see a quick-fix. Many investors assume the only way to navigate a potentially long-term bear market is to hide in cash, day-trade or “just hang in there” while the bear takes their retirement nest egg.

The Direxion Daily S&P 500® Bear 1X ETF (NYSEARCA:SPDN) is one of a class of single-inverse ETFs that allow investors to profit from down moves in the stock market.

SPDN is an unleveraged, liquid, low-cost way to either try to hedge an equity portfolio, profit from a decline in the S&P 500, or both. We rate it a Strong Buy, given our concern about the intermediate-term outlook for the global equity market.

Strategy
SPDN keeps it simple. If the S&P 500 goes up by X%, it should go down by X%. The opposite is also expected.

Proprietary ETF Grades
Offense/Defense: Defense

Segment: Inverse Equity

Sub-Segment: Inverse S&P 500

Correlation (vs. S&P 500): Very High (inverse)

Expected Volatility (vs. S&P 500): Similar (but opposite)

Holding Analysis
SPDN does not rely on shorting individual stocks in the S&P 500. Instead, the managers typically use a combination of futures, swaps and other derivative instruments to create a portfolio that consistently aims to deliver the opposite of what the S&P 500 does.

Strengths
SPDN is a fairly “no-frills” way to do what many investors probably wished they could do during the first 9 months of 2022 and in past bear markets: find something that goes up when the “market” goes down. After all, bonds are not the answer they used to be, commodities like gold have, shall we say, lost their luster. And moving to cash creates the issue of making two correct timing decisions, when to get in and when to get out. SPDN and its single-inverse ETF brethren offer a liquid tool to use in a variety of ways, depending on what a particular investor wants to achieve.

Weaknesses
The weakness of any inverse ETF is that it does the opposite of what the market does, when the market goes up. So, even in bear markets when the broader market trend is down, sharp bear market rallies (or any rallies for that matter) in the S&P 500 will cause SPDN to drop as much as the market goes up.

Opportunities
While inverse ETFs have a reputation in some circles as nothing more than day-trading vehicles, our own experience with them is, pardon the pun, exactly the opposite! We encourage investors to try to better-understand single inverse ETFs like SPDN. While traders tend to gravitate to leveraged inverse ETFs (which actually are day-trading tools), we believe that in an extended bear market, SPDN and its ilk could be a game-saver for many portfolios.

Threats
SPDN and most other single inverse ETFs are vulnerable to a sustained rise in the price of the index it aims to deliver the inverse of. But that threat of loss in a rising market means that when an investor considers SPDN, they should also have a game plan for how and when they will deploy this unique portfolio weapon.

Proprietary Technical Ratings
Short-Term Rating (next 3 months): Strong Buy

Long-Term Rating (next 12 months): Buy

Conclusions
ETF Quality Opinion
SPDN does what it aims to do, and has done so for over 6 years now. For a while, it was largely-ignored, given the existence of a similar ETF that has been around much longer. But the more tenured SPDN has become, the more attractive it looks as an alternative.

ETF Investment Opinion

SPDN is rated Strong Buy because the S&P 500 continues to look as vulnerable to further decline. And, while the market bottomed in mid-June, rallied, then waffled since that time, our proprietary macro market indicators all point to much greater risk of a major decline from this level than a fast return to bull market glory. Thus, SPDN is at best a way to exploit and attack the bear, and at worst a hedge on an otherwise equity-laden portfolio.